A Followup, an Error, and an Insight

In Theoretical Advantage in Chess960 Start Positions, I constructed a table showing chess960 start positions (SP) where the overall results appear to be extreme when compared to other start positions. Tom Chivers asked, 'do you have any interpretations of why these positions are the most/least violent?'. This was the same question I had after posting the analysis, so I'll tackle one of the SPs in this post.

Starting with the first position in that table -- SP024 NBQNBRKR -- I downloaded the PGN game scores from the source of the data (www.computerchess.org.uk) and analyzed the openings using chess software. Start position SP024 is shown in the following diagram.

Start Position 024

My first remark is that the number of games in the sample has increased from the 42 that I recorded in that earlier post to 46. That's an increase of four games in two weeks for just one of the 960 start positions. Computerchess.org.uk isn't standing still.

My second remark is that after analyzing the results for SP024, I realized that my calculations on the original table were wrong! The column '%White', taken from the source data, already included one point for a win plus one-half for a draw. This means that the overall percentage score for White in SP024 was not the 90.5% that I listed, but rather the 76.2% on the original data. I modified the original post to flag my error and to avoid misleading anyone else.

Believe it or not, I'm relieved to have made that error. An overall success rate of 90% for White from a specific start position would be a disaster for the acceptance of chess960. A success rate of 76% is bad enough. The current data, based on 46 games, gives 73.9% for White (+28-6=12), where the four most recent games split +2-2=0.

Looking at the openings used in the 46 games for SP024, I found that 19 started with the moves 1.Ne3 c5 2.d4 (or 1.d4 c5 2.Ne3, which is a transposition), where White sacrifices a Pawn on the second move. None of the sample games had Black accepting the sacrifice, because after 2...cxd4, the sequence 3.Nf5 Nc6 (forced) 4.Qg5, leaves Black with a bad game.

A close look at the initial SP024 position reveals that the e-Pawn is undefended, while the g-Pawn is protected only by the King. Both Pawns can be attacked in two moves by the Queen and the d-Knight (*). This is the SP024 equivalent of the Scholar's mate (1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 -- 3.Qh5 etc.) in traditional chess (SP518). When Tom Chivers observed in his comment that the dangerous start positions share the common feature of 'several Pawns unprotected and these can be easily attacked by the Queen and Bishop', he was on the right track.

Before tackling any other start positions, I'll redo my original table, but I expect the new results will be similar.

(*) - Is this an acceptable way to distinguish one Knight, the d-Knight, from its counterpart, the a-Knight?

My Introduction to Blogging

About.com released its first blog tool, 'powered by Movable Type' at the beginning of July 2003, and switched to 'powered by WordPress' in April 2006. For a long time the blog archive

• Searched for http://chess.about.com/b/archives.htm

had every post on a single page, but eventually switched to a more sensible format with a separate page for each month.

The 'Internet Archive Wayback Machine' is an erratic beast. Some pages have dozens of entries for their archived copies, some pages have a single entry, and some pages have none. The previous link is a good example. Although the page /b/archives.htm existed for years, all of the pages returned by the Wayback Machine are clustered in the few months between December 2005 and March 2006.

In April 2006, About.com made a special effort to attract the attention of the blogosphere by releasing a new function that let me make a special blogroll and have it displayed on almost every page in my topic. Since I had been keeping an eye on the chess blogs since 2003, I liked the initiative and created a list of my personal favorites.

• 2006-04-07 Elsewhere on the Web : The Chess Blogosphere

I updated the list monthly, eventually setting a limit of 21 blogs. For reasons that aren't important here, the URL of the list changed once and is documented in the following table.

• Searched for http://chess.about.com/od/blogs
  
• Searched for http://chess.about.com/od/blogs/Top_Blogs.htm

During the first month of the new function, I wrote several pieces about the chess blogosphere.

• 2006-05-01 Add Chess Blogs to Your News Service
  
• 2006-05-06 Elsewhere on the Web : Blog Tripping in April
  
• 2006-05-08 Chess Blogs : First Posts

After that initial flurry of activity, when I also started Chess for All Ages, I settled into a monthly look at the chess blogs

• 2006-06-03 Elsewhere on the Web : Blog Tripping in May
  
• 2006-07-01 Elsewhere on the Web : Blog Tripping in June
  
• 2006-08-05 Elsewhere on the Web : Blog Tripping in July

and kept track of them on an index

• Searched for http://chess.about.com/od/chrono/a/cc00btrp.htm

The second page of that two page index, covering 2006, is missing, and the only other post for 2006 I've been able to locate is

• 2006-10-08 Elsewhere on the Web : Blog Tripping in September

I'll add the other posts when I can.

1.e4 e6 2.Qe2

In The Enigma of Chigorin, I counted five games at Hastings 1895 where Chigorin played 2.Qe2 against the French Defense. When commenting those games in the tournament book, what did his contemporaries think of this unorthodox move and what can we learn from their comments?

After 1.e4 e6 2.Qe2

Rd.6; Chigorin - Teichmann; 1-0; Annotator: Tarrasch

1.e4 e6 2.Qe2 Nc6 (I consider the best to be 2...Be7; 2...c5 is also good.) 3.Nf3 e5 (This gives an open game.) 4.c3 Nf6 5.d3 Be7

Rd.8; Chigorin - Blackburne; 1-0; Annotator: Steinitz

1.e4 e6 2.Qe2 (Mr.Chigorin considers this to be the strongest continuation in the French Defense. Having adopted it first in the match against Dr. Tarrasch, he has faithfully adhered to his innovation, and, especially in this tournament, with great success. It is difficult to pass judgment on such a move, but I am inclined to believe that its first effect, namely, of delaying the advance of the adverse Queen's Pawn (in which case White gains a move by 2.Qe2 d5 3.exd5 Qxd5 4.Nc3 is at least neutralised by the restriction placed on his King's Bishop.) 2...b6 (The order of development which I would select for Black would be 2...c5 3.-- Nc6 4.-- d6 5.-- Nf6 6.-- Be7 7.-- O-O, after which ...d5 {will give the second player a strong attack.) 3.g3 Bb7 4.Bg2 Be7 5. d3 f5

Rd.11; Chigorin - Marco; 1-0; Annotator: Teichmann

1.e4 e6 2.Qe2 e5 (I do not think that this is loss of time; the position of the White Queen at e2 is, to say the least, no advantage for White.) 3.g3 Nc6 4.Bg2 Bc5 5.c3 Nf6

Rd.15; Chigorin - Tinsley; 1-0; Annotator: Tarrasch

1.e4 e6 2.Qe2 b6 (Stronger is 2...Be7 or 2...c5) 3.Nc3 Bb7 4.Nh3 Nc6 5.d3 Qe7

Rd.17; Chigorin - Albin; 1/2-1/2; Annotator: Pillsbury

1.e4 e6 2.Qe2 Nc6 3.Nf3 e5 (Bringing about an open game, with the White Queen indifferently placed.) 4.g3 Bc5 5.c3 Bb6

What can we learn from these games and comments? First, that the loss of tempo (e.g. 2...e5) is justified in order to take advantage of an antipositional move (2.Qe2). Second, that one way to combat an unorthodox opening move is to steer into a variation where the move is less useful (2...c5 transposes into a Sicilian). Third, that in spite of his move's eccentricity (2.Qe2 blocks the Bishop on f1), Chigorin was enormously successful with it (+4-0=1!). The advantage of an unorthodox opening is in getting the opponent to think for himself from an early move. A prepared opening repertoire loses its importance.

Dragons and Concreteness

In Questions of Style and of Theory, I wondered (1) what was the earliest example of the ...Rxc3 sacrifice in the Yugoslav Variation of the Dragon Defense, and (2) how Kasparov categorized Fischer's style.

Unfortunately, I didn't phrase the question very well at Chess.com, and while I got three nice examples of Dragon ...Rxc3 tactical sacrifices, none of them were positional sacrifices of the type in the Yugoslav Variation. One of the examples, however, reminded me that Korchnoi was a longtime defender of the Dragon, which led me to an earlier example of the sacrifice than I already had. In the diagrammed position, Black played 15...Rxc3.

1967 Sousse Interzonal
Korchnoi, Viktor

Matulovic, Milan
(After 15.Qd2-h6(xB))
[FEN "r1r3k1/p2bpp1p/3p1npQ/qp2n3/3NP2P/1BN2P2/PPP3P1/1K1R3R b - - 0 15"]

As for Kasparov, I searched the Fischer chapter in Predecessors IV, looking for discussions of the American's playing style. I found nine passages, of which all but one were Kasparov quoting other Soviet players. Kasparov's remark was a comment to 12...g5!? in Gligoric - Fischer, 1970 Palma Interzonal, where he wrote,

At the start of the 1970s the play on the dark squares appeared rather promising for Black, which attracted Fischer with his very concrete approach to the solving of opening (and also other) problems. This was a step forward: in the era of Botvinnik, Smyslov, and Petrosian, the ...g6-g5 advance, creating a chronic weakness on the light squares, could not even have been conceived. (p.366)

The italics on concrete approach are Kasparov's. When he said, 'For a player of Fischer's style, that's not a very good comment, because he needs to be a little more concrete', he meant exactly what he said -- that Fischer's style was 'concrete'. Kasparov's opinion on Fischer's style is supported by the other players quoted in Predecessors IV, including several examples copied from Russians Versus Fischer by Plisetsky (Kasparov's assistant on the Predecessors series) and Voronkov.

Strength Meets Intelligence

Honda Ridgeline Meets Chess (0:26) • 'The surprisingly efficient Ridgeline built by Honda.'

These guys don't talk much ('Check!'), but they don't have to.

Merry Christmas from Google!

No, I'm not talking about the holiday related image that Google always shows on its main search page. I'm talking about the enhancement that Google just made to its image search restricting the search to two new types of images. Here's an example showing only clip art on a search for 'chess Christmas'.

There's nothing particularly Christmasy about any of the images, except Santa in the center image, and there's nothing particularly chessy about that, except the source of the image (www.torontochess.org). Some scrolling and clicking does, however, pick up some images that are both Christmasy and chessy. Here's the URL for the clip art search...

Results 1 - 20 of about 13,500 for chess Christmas.
http://images.google.com/images?q=chess+Christmas&hl=en&imgtype=clipart&as_st=y

...Google also released an option for retrieving only line drawings. For the full range of image content types, see Google's Advanced Image Search. And have a Merry Christmas!

Chess960 Book Titles

In a comment to A Database of Chess960 Start Positions, JHVN asked, 'Do you know of any other Fischer Random Chess Opening books other than the one on Lulu.com?' I can take a hint, so I searched Lulu.com, a well known site for self-published works, and came up with Search Results: 'chess960' (4 items). All four items, of which 'Mastering Fischer Random Chess' appears to be the primary work, were authored by Jan H van Niekerk. Unless I'm facing an extraordinary coincidence, it's a safe bet that 'Jan H' and 'JHVN' are one and the same.

Getting back to JHVN's question, I don't know of any other chess960 opening books. The standard work in the uncrowded field of chess960 titles is Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess? (on Amazon.com) by GM Svetozar Gligoric. It's a good book that deserves its own review in a separate post.

The only other English language title I know is Play Stronger Chess By Examining Chess960 (also Amazon.com) by Gene Milener. A crippled PDF version of the book, missing 80% of the pages, is available as PSCbyEC960.pdf on PlayChess960.com. The Amazon page has a review titled 'Comments from me the Author' that points to Castlelong.com, where 'a companion setup id conversion program is available for download'.

This program performs cross-referencing between chess960 setup id numbers from a variety of known systems. These systems include F9# used by Fritz9, S# adopted by Arena and some other chess playing programs, and our recommended R# "reciprocal" system.

According to the example on the download page, the standard numbering system that I use on this blog is what Milener calls S#. This must be named after Reinhard Scharnagl, its creator.

Ghosts of Christmas Past

One of my annual traditions is to create a Christmas piece drawn from the artsy side of chess. This Christmas, I'm rescuing the Christmas pieces from the last five years.

• 2003: The Midnight Challenge, or 'Christmas in Russia'
  
• 2004: Vincenzio the Venetian
  
• 2005: Chess Tactics Illustrated
  
• 2006: Chess Through the Artist's Eye
  
• 2007: Chess Patents

The first two, from 2003 and 2004, are chess stories from 19th century sources. The others are chess image galleries.

Chigorin Stumbles at Hastings 1895

Pillsbury's greatest triumph was first place at the 1895 Hastings tournament, ahead of Chigorin, Lasker, and Steinitz. His victory was based on strong play combined with good luck. Chigorin beat Pillsbury in the first round, overcame Lasker in the second round, and maintained the pace throughout the event. The following chart shows the cumulative score of the three main contenders round by round.

After 19 rounds, with two rounds to be played, Chigorin was leading his closest rivals by 1/2 point. In the 20th round he had White against Janowsky, who was languishing in the middle of the field with 8.5 points. For the only game in the tournament, Chigorin chose a relatively passive opening (see The Enigma of Chigorin for an overview of his openings at Hastings) with 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.d3. The game continued 3...d5 4.exd5 Nxd5, when Chigorin played the second-rate 5.Qe2. He castled O-O-O, played a2-a3, and was demolished by a Bishop sacrifice on a3. Faced with unavoidable checkmate, he resigned on his 17th move.

In the other key 20th round games, Lasker suffered his second straight defeat, losing with White to Blackburne, and Pillsbury won with Black against tailender Vergani. In the last round, Pillsbury won with White against Gunsberg, after the Hungarian went astray in a drawn endgame. Although both of Pillsbury's rivals also won, neither could catch the American.

Questions of Style and of Theory

Continuing with Fischer - Gligoric, CT 1959, Kasparov made some revealing remarks in his lecture on the game (see Kasparov Live! on Fischer - Gligoric). At the beginning of his exposition he said, '[The game] shows you that the result of the game and the power of the name [Fischer], the legendary player who won the game, could also influence commentators.' It goes without saying, but I'll say it anyway, that most of us don't have sufficient chess knowledge to find the weak points in Fischer's moves or in his notes. We'll have to rely on Garry for that!

A few seconds later he commented on Fischer's note to 8...Na5 (see the first Fischer - Gligoric post for the game score). Fischer wrote, 'Releasing the central tension this way is wrong. Correct is 8...Nxd4 9.Qxd4 Bg7, but after 10.Bg5! White still keeps control.' After quoting Fischer, Kasparov made a hand motion indicating that he thought 'White still keeps control' was dubious, then continued, 'For a player of Fischer's style, that's not a very good comment, because he needs to be a little more concrete. There were a number of games played later that proved that Black equalized and one of the games I quote is Renet - Korchnoi in 1995.'

There are a couple of points worth pursuing in Kasparov's criticism. The first is to understand what he meant by 'a player of Fischer's style'. What does the 13th World Champion consider to be the 11th's 'style'? The second is to discover what happened in 'games played later' that contradicted Fischer's judgment. I'm afraid that the question of style will take more digging than I can do for a single blog post. The question of subsequent theory is easier.

In Predecessors IV, Kasparov accused White of 'timid' play in Renet - Korchnoi, when Black equalized quickly. Can we really expect that Fischer would have continued timidly? A more convincing continuation against 10.Bg5! was from a different game quoted by Kasparov (de Firmian - Makarychev, Oslo 1984), where Black used the (now) well known tactic of sacrificing the Rook for the Knight on c3.

I don't believe that the Dragon exchange sacrifice was known in 1959, when Fischer - Gligoric was played. I'm also not sure that it was known when My 60 Memorable Games was written. Wanting to get to the truth of this, I posted the question to Chess.com -- Origin of the Dragon Sacrifice? -- hoping that one of the chess mavens there can point to a likely stem game. • To be continued...

Larry Kaufman @ UMBC

The Flickr page for this photo asks, 'Can you provide us with information on the people in this photograph? Or when and where the photo was taken?'

Chessmaster Larry Kaufman and UMBC Chess Team © Flickr user 'AOK Library & Gallery, UMBC' under Creative Commons.

Kaufman won the World Senior Championship in November: Interview With an American Medallist: GM Larry Kaufman (USchess.org).

Chess Blog Carnival

When I saw the announcement of the next chess blog carnival, on www.jacklemoine.com and on www.chessusa.net, my first reaction was to ignore it. As the announcement says, 'A year ago, I attempted to start a regular outing but I fell flat.' Why spend time on something that its creator is downplaying?

When I later saw that at least one other good blog would be participating, jimwestonchess.blogspot.com, I changed my mind. This will only succeed if enough people take it seriously and it takes very little effort to participate.

I even went as far as flagging the event to Chess.com bloggers: Next Chess Blog Carnival. A look at Top Bloggers - Last 60 Days will confirm that there are some great blogs on Chess.com. (I just noticed that my Chess.com blog is currently last on that list. It must have been because of my carnival post!)

Details about the chess carnival are on Blog Carnival - Chess Carnival. If you have a chess blog and think it's not for you, think again.

Theoretical Advantage in Chess960 Start Positions

One of the nagging questions about chess960 relates to the fairness of the different start positions. Do White and Black have the same chances from any initial position or do some positions naturally favor one color?

There's an interesting table at CCRL 404FRC : Downloads and Statistics (www.computerchess.org.uk) showing the results of computer vs. computer matches on chess960 start positions (SP). I extracted the data, plugged it into my database of start positions (see A Database of Chess960 Start Positions), and created the following table.

Most of the columns are self-explanatory, except maybe '%White' (percentage wins for White) and '%Score' (overall scoring percentage for White, i.e. one point for a win plus one-half for a draw).

SP	FEN	Gms	%Draw	%White	%Score
Highest Overall Score White
24	NBQNBRKR	42	28.6	76.2	90.50
868	QBBRKRNN	40	22.5	73.8	85.05
74	NNRKBBQR	44	34.1	64.8	81.85
424	RBNQBNKR	32	28.1	67.2	81.25
376	NBRKBRNQ	26	11.5	75.0	80.75
Highest Overall Score Black
92	NBNRKRBQ	28	3.6	41.0	42.90
222	NQRKNBBR	48	12.5	37.5	43.75
694	RQBKNBNR	34	17.6	35.3	44.10
82	BNNRKBRQ	34	17.6	35.3	44.10
396	QBRNNKBR	36	22.2	33.3	44.40
Highest % Draws
404	RBBQNNKR	34	47.1	35.3	58.85
488	QBRNBKNR	24	41.7	45.8	66.65
535	RNBKQNRB	44	40.9	47.7	68.15
426	RNQNBBKR	42	40.5	46.4	66.65
202	QNRKBBNR	40	40.0	55.0	75.00
Lowest % Draws
724	RBBKNQNR	38	0.0	47.0	47.40
92	NBNRKRBQ	28	3.6	41.0	42.90
754	BRKNNBRQ	26	3.8	48.0	50.00
839	RKBNRQNB	44	4.5	47.0	49.95
919	RKBRQNNB	38	5.3	50.0	52.65
Traditional Start
518	RNBQKBNR	28	21.4	39.3	50.00
Traditional Start (K&Q switched)
534	RNBKQBNR	22	31.8	43.2	59.10

At the bottom of the table I've included the traditional start position (SP518) for reference. Curiously, it weighs in at exactly a 50% score, although the expected result in games played between masters should give White a statistical edge. I've also included its first cousin (SP534) for comparison. As for the statistical validity of the table, I have no idea. I suspect there is not enough data to have much confidence in the results, but I can't say how reliable it is.

PGN game scores for the different start positions are also available at the CCRL 404FRC site. Assuming some statistical validility to the data, further avenues of investigation might be

• specific variations in openings that appear to be overwhelmingly favorable for White (e.g. SP024: NBQNBRKR) or moderately favorable for Black (e.g. SP092: NBNRKRBQ), and
  
• relationships between the start position of specific pieces (e.g. Bishops in the corners) and the overall scores.

I'm sure other ideas will present themselves. They always do!

***

Later: I discovered that my results were based on an erroneous assumption. The column labelled '%White', taken from the original data, was already calculated using one point for a win plus one-half for a draw. When I calculated my column '%Score', the results became heavily skewed in White's favor. I struck the erroneous portions of the original post and will redo the complete table in a future post. • Chess for All Ages (that's me) regrets the error.

***

Even later: I posted the corrected table on Advantage in Chess960 Start Positions Revisited.

Chess Movies, Chess Art, Chess Patents

Three new image galleries cover various aspects of chess in the real world.

• Chess in the Movies
  
• Chess Through the Artist's Eye
  
• Chess Patents

More: Links related to my About.com material.

Bias in the Soviet School

Watching Kasparov discuss Predecessors IV (see Kasparov (Live!) on Fischer - Gligoric), I was reminded that one of the themes running through Kasparov's Predecessors series is to track the Soviet School through its dominant position in chess. Even volume IV, subtitled 'Stars of the West', addresses this theme. During Kasparov's lecture at the London Chess Centre, his host Malcolm Pein asked him about a passage where Romanovsky wrote critically about Fine.

Kasparov: Let's not forget that Romanovsky had to write bad things about Western players, especially American players, because in the Soviet Union we had to criticize foreigners for being passive, non-creative, non-attacking, and only the Soviet chess style deserved praise. Romanovsky wrote some nasty things about Fine just before the AVRO tournament in Amsterdam. [1938; reads from Predecessors IV (p.33)] 'The Fine-Flohr style is fundamentally alien to the creativity of Soviet masters.'

Pein: Sounds like good, solid propaganda, Garry, but is there any truth in it?

Kasparov: Before the tournament [Romanovsky] said, [reads another passage from the same page, where Romanovsky is not identified as the author] 'Fine's practical play is fundamentally remote from tactical trickery, resourcefulness, and playing for complications. Because of this Fine loses very rarely, but also usually he only wins against masters who play weaker than him.' That was written before the tournament. In the first five rounds of AVRO, Fine scored 4.5, beating Botvinnik in the first round, then beating Euwe, Flohr, and Reshevsky. While writing the book I came up with some statistics. I'm not sure, but I think Fine is the only [non-World Champion] who had a positive score against World Champions. There are some players who had one or two games, but I'm talking about a player who had 25 games against five World Champions and a +3 score, which is quite impressive, when one talks about him only beating 'weak players'.

Kasparov went on to mention that Leonid Stein also had a positive score against World Champions and, speaking of records, that Reshevsky played 11 World Champions and Najdorf played 10.

Kasparov: Reshevsky was a real threat to the Soviet domination. He couldn't win a candidate tournament, but he had some great moments. In 1955, he beat Botvinnik in a four game USSR-USA match in Moscow. In the center of Moscow, in front of Soviet Union officials, he beat Botvinnik 2.5-1.5. That counts for something.

When I finish with Chigorin, whom Kasparov discussed in Predecessors I, I'll come back to his points about Fine, Flohr, and Reshevsky; plus maybe Romanovsky and Stein.

Kasparov (Live!) on Fischer - Gligoric

The game mentioned in Fischer - Gligoric, CT 1959 is the same game discussed in a clip featured in one of my earliest Video Friday choices: Kasparov's Birthday. Thanks to the kibitzers at Chessgames.com (see link in that first Fischer - Gligoric post) for pointing out that much more of the same Kasparov talk is available on Garry Kasparov at the London Chess Centre (LCC; www.chess.co.uk), where 'Clip 6', the last in the LCC series, is the same clip that I found on YouTube. Kasparov used the LCC visit to promote the just published Predecessors IV, where he discussed -- in 'behind the scenes' style -- the writing of the book.

Chess with Rhythm

Chessvibes.com isn't the only chess site producing high quality videos about Chess on Blip.tv. Here's one from the French magazine Europe Echecs.

Dresden Closing Ceremony (2:32) • The Medal Winners

You can find their Episodes Archive at

• europe-echecs.blip.tv

plus the Episodes Archives of other well known chess personalities at

• macauley.blip.tv, and
  
• chessstrategies.blip.tv

It looks like Blip.tv is the site of choice for serious producers of chess videos.

Chess Magazines on Google

Well, not really. There are, however, a number of magazines with references or articles (it's not clear which) about chess available via Google. The new feature is packaged as a subset of Google books...

Books 1 - 10 of 684 on chess
http://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=chess&as_pt=MAGAZINES&as_brr=0

...where the search is restricted to magazines. Considering how many different titles and issues have been published since the dawn of the magazine age -- Wikipedia dates the first 'general-interest magazine' to 1731 -- that's not a lot of magazines with a reference to chess.

There are even fewer that are unquestionably about chess itself: Books 1 - 10 of 11 on chess intitle:chess. Of those, Popular Mechanics and Popular Science account for half.

Even interesting titles can be misleading. The title Chess players, 'a set of precise, gently mocking miniaturist illuminations, as intricate as the chess game at its center' (New York Magazine, 5 Jun 1978, p.86) is about Satyajit Ray's film The Chess Players; Chess, 'keeps getting revived and revised, but seems deader every time' (New York Magazine, 24 Feb 1992, p.132) is about the musical; and Hillary Rodham Clinton Awards $60,000 Donation to Restore Chicago's Chess (Jet, 15 Nov 1999, p.30) is about Chess Records recording studio.

Even when a reference is ostensibly about chess, as in 'By a simplified, pictorial method, this course teaches you how to play chess in one evening! Pictures, diagrams and examples make everything clear.' (Popular Mechanics, Mar 1947, p.82), it turns out to be an ad for Chess Review magazine. A few weeks ago I mentioned LIFE Photos on Google in Google Images. It's still more interesting, but I expect Google Magazines to get up to speed quickly.

The Google juggernaut rolls on...

A Database of Chess960 Start Positions

Now that I'm comfortable with chess960 concepts, I thought it would be useful to have a small database of the 960 valid start positions. This would let me answer some simple questions like 'how many positions are there with such-and-such characteristics'. I set out on a web search to find the base data relating the 960 start positions (SP) to their corresponding setup string, for example, relating position 518 (SP518) to the traditional chess setup RNBQKBNR. I looked at 20-odd sites, came up empty handed, and decided it would be faster to generate the data myself. Since the basic algorithms are explained on Wikipedia pages, I studied them for the details, and 30 minutes later had my database.

Wikipedia entries often suffer from an excess of detail, and the chess960 pages are no exception. Constructing a random chess960 start position is easy. Confining yourself to White's first rank, first you place a Bishop at random on one of the four light squares and the other Bishop at random on one of the four dark squares. Then you place the Queen at random on one of the six remaining empty squares, followed by the two Knights on the five remaining squares. That leaves three empty squares where you must place the King and Rooks so that the King has one Rook somewhere to its left and the other Rook to its right. When you are done with the White pieces, you place the Black pieces on Black's first rank so that they mirror the White pieces. Then you place all of the Pawns on their respective second ranks.

You can use almost any simple game of chance to choose random squares; dice and cards work well if you repeat a step returning an invalid number, e.g. larger than the number four when placing a Bishop. Coin tosses work if you're comfortable with binary numbers (aren't we all?) and you could even use yarrow stalks or a ouija board if you're comfortable with divination.

The standard accepted numbering of the 960 start positions uses a clever scheme that cycles through the 16 possible setups for the Bishops (4 x 4) and the 60 possible setups for the Queen and Knights (6 x 5 x 4, divided by 2, to factor out the duplication of the Knights). After generating the 960 positions and mapping them to their standard numbers, I loaded the data into my database and created an external page with the most important info...

Chess960 Start Positions
http://www.mark-weeks.com/cfaa/chess960/c960strt.htm

...Armed with the table, I realized I could use it to refine my initial web search and locate other web pages to check my work. First I found 37 chess960 positions on Opening experience : Fischer Random Chess (Chess960). One of its positions didn't match my numbering (SP246), but I quickly determined that it was an error on that page. Then I found another copy of all 960 positions on Fischer random chess setups. This matched my results perfectly and gave me confidence that my work had been correct. I then used my database to answer simple questions like

With the King and Queen on the central files (the d-/e-files), which positions are symmetric? By symmetric, I mean that one type of piece (R, B, or N) is on the a-/h-files, another is on the b-/g-files, and the remaining piece is on the c-/f-files.

Logic says there should be 12 such positions, but how are they numbered? My database says they are numbered like this...

SP323 • BNRQKRNB
SP326 • NRBQKBRN
SP332 • NBRQKRBN
SP339 • BNRKQRNB
SP342 • NRBKQBRN
SP348 • NBRKQRBN
SP515 • BRNQKNRB
SP518 • RNBQKBNR
SP524 • RBNQKNBR
SP531 • BRNKQNRB
SP534 • RNBKQBNR
SP540 • RBNKQNBR

Of course, SP518 is one of those positions, but it's also worth noting that SP534 is similar to SP518, with only the King and Queen switched on the central files. Here's a diagram of SP534.

Start Position 534
The Queen is NOT on her color!

This is a good time to clarify a point that sometimes confuses newcomers to chess960. SP534 is not a simple mirror image of SP518, the traditional start position. When castling O-O or O-O-O in SP534, the King and Rook end up on exactly the same squares as they do when castling in SP518: e.g. after castling O-O, the Rook ends on f1 and the King ends on g1.

Along with identifying the 12 symmetric start positions my database taught me a few other things about the family of valid chess960 start positions. I'll leave that discussion for another post.

***

Note: Listed under 'STRATEGIC CONCEPTS' on Chess Blog Carnival 1/09, where I'm described as 'a support beam of the chess bloggers'. Call me 'Mr. Beam'?

A Chess Tutorial

Continuing with Links related to my About.com material, I added a first chess tutorial: Maximize the Usefulness of Your Moves. It's an introduction to the positional principle of choosing the move that accomplishes the most.

Since my tutorials are all based on chess positions and the positions are always represented by images, I again used the Jalbum image gallery software for the underlying functionality. To differentiate between tutorials and other image galleries, like Photos from the 2005 FIDE World Championship, I used a different Jalbum skin. There are still a few design details that I'm not happy with, but I'll correct those as I can. The Jalbum software is so flexible, with several ways to accomplish the same tweak, that it's often not obvious which way is the best.

Now that I've worked out most of the technical issues around rescuing my About.com material, it's time to spend some effort on the overall look and navigation of the material. So far, I don't have many ideas about how to this.

Knight Owl

From 'Chess Treasury of the Air' edited by Terence Tiller:-

'Chigorin', [Mieses] said, 'was very punctiliously set in his habits. Quite pedantic about his mealtimes: breakfast at eight, lunch at twelve, and dinner at seven. Never varied it. Which meant of course' -- so he added with a chuckle -- 'that Chigorin had breakfast at 8 PM, lunch at midnight, and dinner at 7 AM.' (p.59)

I picked a copy of the book, 'a Penguin Handbook' (1966), off eBay for £1.99 plus shipping. Great value for the money; full of anecdotes about the old masters. This quote was from an essay on Jacques Mieses by Heinrich Fraenkel (aka Assiac), in a series titled 'Uncrowned Kings': Rubinstein, Schlechter, Levenfish, and Mieses.

***

OT: My nephew got some print space in the NY Times today...

College Radio Maintains Its Mojo
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/arts/television/07sisa.html

...He's third generation RPI.

The Purpose of a Book Review

A few months ago, in a post titled In Defense of Chess Book Reviewers, I wondered, 'What is the purpose of a book review?' Two obvious answers come to mind: (1) to give an opinion about the book, and (2) to give others help on deciding whether the book is worth procuring or not.

I was reminded of that post in relation to a book titled 'The Genius and the Misery of Chess' by Zhivko Kaikamjozov. I received a copy from its U.S. distributor, who was looking for a review on About.com. Unbeknownst to the distributor's agent, I had recently stopped writing for the site. I offered to pay for the book and was told that I could just keep it.

I read portions of the book and found it very strange, a mixture of little known facts and unsubstantiated legends, impossible to separate fact from legend. Despite its many glaring technical flaws, and for reasons I couldn't explain, I also found it more entertaining than most chess books. I decided that it would have been a difficult book to review, put it aside, and forgot about it.

I don't often read book reviews unless I've read the book myself -or- have a special interest in the author -or- am interested in the reviewer. This is a practical matter. There are so many chess books and so many reviews that it is impossible to digest them all.

Two of those conditions -- I've read the book myself and am interested in the reviewer -- applied to one of Edward Winter's recent Chess Notes, a short post about the book titled 'CN 5855. Miserable' on ChessHistory.com. The pre-eminent chess historian of our age extracted a few ridiculous passages and ended by saying the 'Morphy chapter shows the author at his most fabulistic, and we have seldom seen anything quite so bad.'

The same two conditions applied to Steve Goldberg's Review: The Genius and the Misery of Chess, where the ChessCafe.com reviewer pointed to one of his recent efforts. Like me, Goldberg had trouble deciding whether he liked the book and finally hedged with 'Despite all of its shortcomings, The Genius and the Misery of Chess offers a couple of useful purposes', specifically 'a helpful, brief introduction for the nearly four dozen players profiled', and 'another writer might consider expanding the concept to produce a new volume with somewhat more extensive coverage'.

There I had two different opinions: Winter's 'bad' and Goldberg's 'offers a couple of useful purposes'. I found another review on Chessco.com, where the reviewer's opinion of the book was 'quite palatable'.

As for the second purpose of a review -- Is the book worth procuring? -- the contrast in the three reviews confirms one of my own goals in writing a review: To allow different readers to judge a book according to their own level. For this particular book, I conclude that professional historians will find nothing of value, amateur historians (where I fit in) will find a useful guide on how to do (or not to do) something similar, and the general public will find the book 'helpful' or, at worst, 'palatable'.

Unfortunately, most reviews don't make it clear who their readership targets are. This is why I like to know something about the content of a book, and why I find the list of chapters in the catalog entry on SchachVersand.de so useful. I've read enough about Morphy to be sure that I'm not interested in a six page summary of his career. Ditto for the other world champions. In contrast, I know little about Klaus Junge and will undoubtedly learn something from a five page summary.

I also like to know something about the author of a book. I'm not likely to buy a title from an unknown author, and in this current example, I knew nothing about Kaikamjozov. The back cover of the book, copied on Caissa-chess.com, tells me that he is a chess master, 'well-known in the chess world, particularly for his students, who include grandmasters Velikov, Spassov, and Voiska, as well as Topalov's manager Silvio Danailov'. Further back cover biographical info confirms that he is a chess insider.

Now I understand why the book interested me. If I had to write a review, I would recommend it for amateur and neophyte chess historians with some tolerance for sloppiness. Other potential readers can understand that it is probably not a book for them.

The Lewis Pieces at Hilton Head

The Lewis pieces recently gathered for a group photo.

3056930066 © Flickr user hyku under Creative Commons.

'Taken in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina'. Was this one of the Harry Potter chess sets featuring the Lewis clan?

Fischer - Gligoric, CT 1959

The next game in 18 Memorable Games is game no.13 in My 60 Memorable Games and no.56 in Predecessors IV. The PGN is given below, along with punctuation from notes by the 11th & 13th World Champions. I'll take a closer look at 17...Rc6 and the sequence starting 23.Qd3.

[Event "Candidates Tournament"]
[Site "Yugoslavia"]
[Date "1959.??.??"]
[Round "4"]
[White "Fischer, R."]
[Black "Gligoric, S."]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B57"]

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 d6 6.Bc4 Bd7 7.Bb3 g6 8.f3 8...Na5 {GK: ?!} 9.Bg5 {GK: !} 9...Bg7 10.Qd2 h6 11.Be3 Rc8 12.O-O-O Nc4 13.Qe2 {BF: !?; GK: !?} 13...Nxe3 14.Qxe3 O-O 15.g4 Qa5 16.h4 {GK: !} 16...e6 17.Nde2 {BF: !; GK: !} 17...Rc6 {GK: ?} 18.g5 hxg5 19.hxg5 Nh5 20. f4 Rfc8 21.Kb1 Qb6 22.Qf3 Rc5 23.Qd3 {BF: !; GK: !?} 23...Bxc3 {GK: ?} 24. Nxc3 Nxf4 25.Qf3 {GK: !} 25...Nh5 26.Rxh5 {BF: !; GK: !} 26...gxh5 27.Qxh5 Be8 28.Qh6 {BF: !} 28...Rxc3 29.bxc3 Rxc3 30.g6 {GK: !} 30...fxg6 31.Rh1 Qd4 32.Qh7+ 1-0

To play through the complete game see...

Robert James Fischer vs Svetozar Gligoric, Bled ct 1959
http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1044000

...on Chessgames.com.

An Exercise in Chess960 Positional Thinking

My third chess960 game lasted longer than the second (see Lesson in Chess960 Opening Patterns), although it was effectively over when my opponent dropped the exchange on the 21st move. The diagram shows the start position.

Start Position 002

The first few moves were instructive. After the logical 1.e4 e5, my opponent played 2.Bc4. The resulting position looks similar to the Bishop's Opening in the traditional chess setup, but in this particular chess960 setup, White's last move is a mistake. I played 2...b5.

Black's second move is possible because the b-Pawn is protected by the Queen. In addition to attacking the Bc4, the Pawn move helps to develop both the Ba8 and the Qb8. White has an awkward time defending the attacked Bishop. If the piece retreats 3.Bb3, it blocks the Pb2, which in turn blocks the Ba1. If it retreats 3.Bd3, it blocks a natural development square for the Nc1. The best move was probably 3.Be2, although that obstructs the Re1's defense of the Pe4. White chose 3.Bd3, but ended up playing Bd3-e2 a few moves later in response to another threat.

An important aspect of 2.Bc4 is that it prepares castling O-O already on the next move. It is less likely that either player will castle O-O-O, when O-O is so readily available. Also with the goal of castling O-O, I later played ...Bc5, which was much better after ...b5, when the Bc5 can retreat to b6 without interfering with the development of Black's Queenside (or a-side as chess960 terminology calls it).

Another aspect of 2...b5 is that the Ba8 is immediately developed after the b-Pawn moves. In fact, that Bishop never moved during the game, although it participated in the tactics that won the exchange almost 20 moves later.

After three games, my chess960 rating has climbed from 1200 to 1738. I might be in a position to challenge an expert player after another game or two. Here's the full game, again courtesy of SchemingMind.com:

[Event "Chess960"]
[Site "SchemingMind.com"]
[Date "2008.11.04"]
[Round "-"]
[White "FeralPawn"]
[Black "bemweeks"]
[Result "0-1"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "bqnnrbkr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/BQNNRBKR w KQkq - 0 1"]

1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 b5 3.Bd3 Ne6 4.Nc3 c6 5.N1e2 Bc5 6.Ng3 Nf4 7.Be2 Ne7 8.b4 Bb6 9.Qb3 Nxe2+ 10.Rxe2 O-O 11.O-O Kh8 12.Nf5 Nxf5 13.exf5 d5 14.Rfe1 Qd6 15.Qb2 f6 16.a4 a6 17.a5 Ba7 18.Qb3 c5 19.Na2 c4 20.Qh3 d4 21.Bb2 d3 22.cxd3 cxd3 23.Re3 Bxe3 24.Rxe3 Qc6 25.Rg3 Qc2 26.Qg4 Re7 27.h4 Qxb2 28.Nc3 Qxd2 29. h5 Qxc3 30.h6 Qc1+ 31.Kh2 Rd8 32.hxg7+ Kg8 33.Qh4 d2 34.Rh3 Rxg7 35.f3 d1=Q 0-1

A Gallery of Chess Positions

Adding to my initial collection of Image Galleries, I created a sample gallery of chess positions called:

• La Bourdonnais' Curious Positions

Although the underlying software doesn't handle GIFs as well as JPGs, the chess diagrams in the gallery are usable. They were originally made for a two part puzzle contest on the About.com Chess Forum: Puzzle Contest no.1 (plus A difficult puzzle), and Puzzle Contest no.2.

I also tried multipage gallery navigation for the first time. It looks somewhat clunky, but there isn't much I can do about it, except keep all the thumbnails on one page.

Next gallery: a tutorial.

The Enigma of Chigorin

In Chigorin and Schiffers, I quoted from the 1895 Hastings tournament book:

[Chigorin's] style of play is quite of 'the old school', brilliantly attacking and ever towards the King, perhaps best described by the simple word beautiful. He is probably the greatest master of the King's side attack and rarely plays dull games. His chief energy is thrown into the middle game rather than the opening, which he sometimes conducts with too much indifference. His analytical ability is of the very highest order, and blindfold play does not come amiss.

In Chigorin and His Contemporaries, I quoted from Kotov & Yudovich's Soviet School of Chess:

Tarrasch and the masters and critics who supported him claimed that they had formed a 'modern school', while Chigorin represented out-dated views, i.e. the old school. Steinitz and Tarrasch failed to understand the essence of creative thinking in chess, which they tried to subordinate to abstract and unreasonable principles. It is clear today that their views were erroneous and narrowed down the rich content of chess. [...] The Russian champion's creative imagination, his critical attitude towards the pronouncements of recognized authorities, his quest of the new, and, finally, his deep faith in the limitless creative possibilities of chess made his investigations a major contribution to theory.

The Soviet authors went on to give dozens of examples showing Chigorin's contribution to opening theory. In the 19th century, Chigorin was considered 'old school' and sometimes indifferent to the openings. In the mid-20th century, he was considered the forerunner of the Soviet School (the antithesis of 'old school') and a major contributor to opening theory. How to explain those opposing points of view?

I take it as a given that Kotov & Yudovich were right, while the end-19th century pundits were wrong. After all, chess theory progressed substantially during the ~60 years following Hastings 1895, and accelerated under the scrutiny of the Soviet grandmasters. Following is a graphical overview of Chigorin's openings at Hastings 1895. This is what his contemporaries 'saw' of his style.

The picture squares with the overview of Chigorin's theoretical contributions as laid out in Soviet School: Evans Gambit (as both White and Black), Two Knights Defense (Black), King's Gambit (White), and the unusual 2.Qe2 reaction to the French Defense (White). It doesn't show the ...Nc6 defense to the Queen's Gambit, but the notes to the Hastings 1895 games show that he was already recognized for that system.

Chess on Blip.tv

While catching up on YouTube's chess videos for yesterday's Video Friday post -- Chess Behind Bars -- I was hoping to spotlight something on the just concluded Dresden Olympiad. I saw a number of noteworthy efforts, but nothing from the king of chess news video, Chessvibes.com. What happened to the clips of Susan Polgar's press conferences? After a little effort, I found them here...

Chessvibes.blip.tv : Episodes Archive
http://chessvibes.blip.tv/posts?view=archive&nsfw=dc

...Along with displaying the clip, clicking on a thumbnail provides access to the video embed code. Here's an example.

Anand - Kramnik World Championship Match (30:30) • 'Game 11 / Press Conference'

Game 11 was the last game of the match. Both players are relaxed and articulate throughout the video. A Kramnik comment on his notion of sportsmanship and fair play caught my attention: 'My motto in life is that you're responsible for the quality of your work, but you're not responsible for the result.' (~29:00). Well said, Vladimir!

Chess Behind Bars

From NJN News.

Ivies vs Inmates (2:41) • 'The annual event, sponsored by John and Osa Marshall, brings together members of the Princeton University Chess Club, and inmates at the New Jersey State Prison in Trenton NJ.'

More: PRINCETON: University chess team makes moves behind bars

More Fischer Photos

The image below shows a batch of Fischer photos, including final bid, that sold on eBay this week.

The auction that finished with the highest closing bid ('Vintage '70 Chess Bobby Fischer Spassky Prep Game Photo'), had a scan of the photo's back that read

This is roughly the way the world's championship chess match will appear, when Bobby Fischer gets around to meeting titleholder Boris Spassky. In a previous encounter in Siegen, Germany in 1970 Fischer lost to Spassky, but few expect him to lose next time. (Please credit United Press International Photo)

The photo shows Spassky thinking about his 11th or 12th move in the last game between the two players before their 1972 title match. For the full game, see...

Boris Spassky vs Robert James Fischer, Siegen ol final 1970
http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1044698

...on Chessgames.com.

Chess960 @ Chess Classic Mainz

You can count the number of important chess960 tournaments played annually on the thumb of one hand; take your pick which hand. In a recent post -- Chess Classic Mainz 2008 (CCM8) -- I mentioned its 2008 edition. What about previous events?

If, like me, you've never paid much attention to Chess Classic Mainz (CCM), you probably don't know the difference between the FiNet Open, the Ordix Open, and the Livingston Championship. A mixture of traditional chess and chess960, the CCM events are hard to distinguish by name and their details change from one year to the next.

Fortunately, the CCM web site carries a complete history of the event going back to CCM1 in 2001. I created the following table to identify the chess960 events that have been held each year, along with their winners. The links in the first few columns go directly to CCM pages, while the last column points to coverage by two well known and reliable news sources.

	Matches	Opens	Computers	Simuls	ChessBase & TWIC
2 0 0 8	2. FiNet Chess960 Women's Rapid World Championship; Kosteniuk (1st), Zhukova, Cmilyte, Lahno	7. FiNet Open; Nakamura 1st	4. Livingston Chess960 Computer WCC; Rybka, Shredder, Deep Sjeng, Naum		CB 2008 & TWIC 717
2 0 0 7	5. FiNet Chess960 Rapid World Championship; Aronian (1st), Anand, Bacrot, Kashimdzhanov	6. FiNet Open; Bologan 1st	3. Livingston Chess960 Computer WCC; Shredder, Rybka, Jonny, Spike		CB 2007 & TWIC 667
2 0 0 6	Clerical Medical Chess960 World Championship; Aronian - Svidler, Women, Seniors, Juniors	5. FiNet Open; Bacrot 1st	2. Livingston Chess960 Computer WCC; 21 programs	According to the navbar, Chess960 simul L. Aronian, but the page says nothing about it	CB 2006 & TWIC 615
2 0 0 5	FiNet Chess960 World Championship; Svidler - Almasi	4. FiNet Open; Aronian 1st	1. Livingston Chess960 Computer WCC; 19 Programs		CB 2005 & TWIC 562
2 0 0 4	Gerling Match; Chess960 World Championship; Svidler - Aronian	3. FiNet Open; Almasi 1st			CB 2004 & TWIC 509
2 0 0 3	The Final: Chess960 World Championship; Svidler - Leko	2. Chess960 Open; Aronian 1st		Playing Chess960 Simuls on 20 boards: Leko & Svidler	CB 2003 & TWIC 458
2 0 0 2		1. Chess960 Open; Svidler 1st			CB 2002 & TWIC 406
2 0 0 1	Fischer Random Chess; Leko - Adams				TWIC 347
***
2 0 0 0	Frankfurt Chess Classic 2000; Jussupow (Yusupov) - Fritz				TWIC 294
1 9 9 6	Fischer launches Fischerandom Chess at Buenos Aires				TWIC 088

The table should serve as a good starting point for a deeper look at the events.

Image Galleries

As mentioned in my last post on Links related to my About.com material, I converted a couple of image galleries:-

• Chess Tactics Illustrated, and
  
• Photos from the 2005 FIDE World Championship

These were the first image galleries I created when About.com released its own gallery tool. While neither of them is particularly significant, they let me evaluate other third party tools for creating galleries.

I finally selected Jalbum. On top of the features I expect in a gallery tool, it lets me incorporate Google Adsense, the only game in town for monetizing web content.

The next step will be to see how well Jalbum handles chess diagrams. After that I'd like to see if I can use the tool to create tutorials. These generally have more text than image galleries.

Chigorin and His Contemporaries

Kotov & Yudovich's Soviet School of Chess devoted the entire second chapter to Chigorin ('Founder of the Russian School'). Part factual and part propaganda, the authors' opinion of Chigorin's contribution to the Russian/Soviet School is in the following paragraphs.

Chigorin greatly influenced the development of chess in Russia. He was, first and foremost, a master of striking originality and creative force, and it was this that determined his role in the formation of the Russian and Soviet school. Chigorin's chess talent came to the fore in the period when the views formulated by Steinitz, the first world champion, and developed by the prominent grandmaster, Dr. Tarrasch, held sway throughout the chess world. Notwithstanding his high opinion of Steinitz' skill and numerous contributions to theory, Chigorin carried on a dispute with him over matters of principle for a number of years.

The 'modern school', as Steinitz and Tarrasch called it, strove above all to establish immutable laws applicable in every situation in chess. The creative process during play, as this school saw it, consisted in bringing the position on the board and the planned move into conformity with laws and rules that had been established once and for all.

Chigorin rebelled against the restriction of creative thinking by dogmatic laws, and he stood up for his views both in theory and in practice. It was necessary, Chigorin said, to take into account all the concrete features of the position, and to make a dynamic appraisal of each position and its combinational possibilities. He clearly saw that the development of chess thought and technique would eventually overthrow many old conceptions.

Tarrasch and the masters and critics who supported him claimed that they had formed a 'modern school', while Chigorin represented out-dated views, i.e. the old school. Steinitz and Tarrasch failed to understand the essence of creative thinking in chess, which they tried to subordinate to abstract and unreasonable principles. It is clear today that their views were erroneous and narrowed down the rich content of chess.

Chigorin would not reconcile himself to the efforts of the 'modern school' to emasculate creative thought in chess by fitting the entire substance of the art into the framework of rules they had invented. Laying bare the vulnerable aspects of the Steinitz and Tarrasch theories, he came forward with a number of new principles relating to strategy and tactics in all stages of the game: in a word, he presented a new understanding of chess.

The Russian champion's creative imagination, his critical attitude towards the pronouncements of recognized authorities, his quest of the new, and, finally, his deep faith in the limitless creative possibilities of chess made his investigations a major contribution to theory. (p.17)

Nowhere is it mentioned that Chigorin lost two title matches to Steinitz and only drew his match with Tarrasch after being down +5-8=4 with 10 games needed to win. This observation is not to detract from Chigorin's world class performances, but to point out that Kotov & Yudovich were not always as objective in their writing as Chigorin was in his play. See Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin (1850-1908) for Chigorin's record.

Obscuring the historical record might be one reason why two-thirds of the chapter on Chigorin is spent on a discussion of his contribution to opening theory. It's also worth noting that half of chapter three, on Alekhine ('Russia's Greatest Player'), is spent on the fourth World Champion's contributions to opening theory. In the 1950s, when the book was written, was it safer to write about chess openings than about facts that were contrary to the Soviet world view?

In the tournament book for Hastings 1895, both Steinitz and Tarrasch, as well as Lasker, Pillsbury, and Schiffers, each annotated several games that Chigorin played in the event. Perhaps we can glean from these notes an objective summary of how Chigorin's contemporaries viewed his contributions.

If No News Is Good News...

...then old news is gold news. Or something like that. While working on Interview with Makropoulos, I read the FIDE document 78th FIDE Congress Executive Board Minutes. The minutes are from the FIDE Congress that took place in Antalya, Turkey, 14-16 November 2007. Hence 'old news'.

The first point that caught my attention was a discussion of the role of David Kaplan, who was mentioned by Makropoulos as an indirect stakeholder in Global Chess.

1. Report of the President. President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov delivered his annual report. [...] In his trips and meetings with heads of various countries he had realized that there is a necessity to have chess centres and museums in all the capitals of FIDE member countries. So he proposes to introduce the project of construction of chess centres. This is a programme of creation of a global network of chess centres, to be achieved together with an international development company, Chess Lane. The centres will be built as multi-profile buildings including chess museums, hotel, office and commercial facilities, exhibition halls and conference halls for organization of international chess tournaments and other events. They will give more jobs to our international masters and international arbiters.

It is planned that the centres will be in the shape of a tower, similar to chess pieces, with separate entrances for differing functional sectors. Leading international architects, who were selected through a tender, participated in the creation of the chess centres concept. Soon the first variants of the concept are going to be finalized and presented for discussion. The construction of such chess centres will create new possibilities for national federation activities, and eventually will provide an added impetus for popularization and development of chess in the world.

Therefore he proposes to introduce a position of FIDE Development Director, which will not be financed from the FIDE budget. A major businessman, David Kaplan, is ready to invest his own money, provide his offices in London and help with the expansion of the FIDE office in Lausanne. Mr Kaplan will prepare a report for the Singapore Presidential Board meeting. He will analyse the situation and compare FIDE against successful sports Federations who have managed to reach multimillion and even billions of USD budgets. [...] Executive Board approved the creation of the Development Department and appointment of Mr. David Kaplan as CEO of the Development Department.

The mention of chess centers in the shape of a tower received some attention in the mainstream press when it first came to light. A Rook House for Bobby? Given the current global financial climate, I doubt this project is going anywhere in a hurry, except maybe to the bottom drawer of FIDE's filing cabinet. As for Global Chess (GlobalChess?), it was also on the agenda of the Executive Board.

4. FIDE Contract with GlobalChess. Annex 6 is contract between Global Chess and FIDE to be approved by Executive Board. Annex 6a is contract on website.

Mr. Makropoulos said that we have succeeded in reaching an agreement that helps Global Chess to start marketing and try to get sponsorship for our FIDE events by working on the plans which the President introduced to FIDE several months ago. We are not going to have big money in the first years, but Global Chess need our help to set up the right mechanism in order to get sponsors for FIDE. After the first 5 years we would expect that if they succeed, then FIDE will start having very important income.

Our cooperation has resulted in a new system for the WCC cycle. This system can be better for the sponsors, who would like to promote themselves through chess. Global chess is working in this direction and we are on the right track, but if Global Chess has no final approval from the Executive Board, they cannot start serious work.

It is proposed to approve this contract. Then we can open the bidding procedure for Grand Prix and Global Chess will start working on the contracts for FIDE event.

[...]

E. van Dijk said chess has a great chance at present with Mr. Ilyumzhinov and Mr Kok working together. He asked the extent of the partnership. Can a large company come directly to FIDE? Mr. Makropoulos said yes they can come directly to FIDE, but Global Chess will be brought to the discussion, as commercial partner of FIDE. They will have the professionals to deal with the promotion of sponsors, or production, they will have to satisfy the needs, but FIDE has the events. In our contract it is said that we can also find sponsors without Global Chess. However, Global Chess will be involved, but in this situation, the percentages are changed accordingly. Normally, the situation will be vice versa. Mr. Gelfer said this is an answer for many other questions regarding our relationship. Global Chess is our commercial department.

[...]

Mr. Vega wanted to know the difference between sponsor and organiser. Mr. Makropoulos said that the organisers are the business of FIDE. Currently, Global Chess is also looking for the organisers but this is because of the good relations between us. All of us, including the President, try to do this. Organisers will come through the FIDE bidding procedure.

Mr. Borg said the Grand Prix proposals are for 6 cities and the contribution to Global Chess is zero. FIDE will receive close to 250,000 euros. Any money Global Chess receives will come from sponsorship. The President is investing and he does not expect to get his money back, but when we have a system in place and good image and communication, we will find sponsors.

Executive Board approved the contract with Global Chess. The signing of the contract took place, On behalf of FIDE, Messrs Makropoulos and Freeman, on behalf of Global Chess, Mr. Borg. Mr. Makropoulos thanked Mr. Ilyumzhinov who is investing his money into Global Chess. It is his baby and he does the best that he can do for this organisation.

Going back a few months to a post titled The Cone of Silence, I wondered what was meant by 'the disastrous handling of the World Chess Tournament in Mexico City'. The topic was mentioned by the Executive Board.

34. World Championship Tournament 2007. Mr. Makropoulos said the President could not attend the event, following his doctor’s restriction on his travel. We held a Board meeting at the same time and several members of the Board stayed for the whole duration of the Championship. It was a good tournament, but due to the political problems, between Governor and the Mayor, there were financial problems. The players were happy, the hotel and the tournament hall were adequate. The weak point was the Internet. Geoffrey Borg did his best but we did not succeed to reach the point we planned. He referred to the contract with Global Chess which means the control of the Internet in all big events of FIDE will be under their direction.

[...]

Mr. Vega said there were serious problems in the government of Mexico as it changed 3 months before the start of the Championship. It negatively affected the financial side. He congratulated Mr. Makropoulos and the whole team for a great job in cooperating with the Organisers in this event.

Executive Board approved the report.

There were also a few details regarding the recent Anand - Kramnik match.

36. World Chess Championship Cycle 2007-2009. Deputy President Georgios Makropoulos informed the members that it is a cycle which includes 3 matches, namely Kramnik - Anand, Topalov with the World Cup winner 2007 and in 2009 there will be another match for the title between Kramnik - Anand match winner and the winner of the Topalov - World Cup match.

[...]

Also, Mr. Filipowicz asked if FIDE established dates for the matches. Mr. Makropoulos said we established the period, September, but Anand has obligations in September with the Grand Slam and he has signed his contract. The dates are announced and he is asking to move the dates to October. This is another point for the discussion. Mr. Makropoulos said the Organisers of top tournaments are actually aware that FIDE keeps September for the World Championship in our calendar. The organisers should see and maybe adjust. We will try to solve this problem.

The main idea is first to organise Kramnik - Anand and then the Topalov match. This is the preferred order in order to maximise publicity.

Lately, FIDE's track record of following through its schedule of events has not been impressive. The brouhaha surrounding the Topalov - Kamsky match has only settled down in the last few days, and there is a new furor building over the Doha Grand Prix. By all appearances this is business as usual.

37. Women’s World Chess Championship 2008. The event shall be held in San Luis, Argentina. Deputy President Georgios Makropoulos said the decision was made in Mexico at the Presidential Board meeting. We had two good proposals, from Argentina and Kazakhstan. The Argentinian offer was financially better. Berik Balgabaev had a difficult job to inform Kazakhstan but we will try to organise other events in Kazakhtsan. The most likely dates are in May. The contract is prepared. Our experience with San Luis is very positive, so we believe everything will be alright.

[...]

Mr. Makropoulos said that the contract will be signed with the Governor of San Luis Dr. Saa. Argentina has also won the bid for World Junior 2009. The Federation has several proposals and ideas about events. A meeting can be held to discuss all these proposals. [...] Mr. Quinteros said they are ready to sign the contract in the middle of December, around 10th December 2007. There is also an idea is to organise a World Chess Circuit in 2010, which is the bicentenary year for Argentina. The event will consist of six different tournaments and players will play open tournaments for all categories, from January to December. Each tournament will have ten rounds and it is proposed to have different venues in Argentina. They requested the patronage of FIDE, the prize fund is 150,000 USD for each tournament and 20% of the total amount shall be paid to FIDE. The top Grandmasters are not targeted, in order not to clash with the FIDE Grand Prix.

Executive Board granted the patronage of FIDE to the World Chess Circuit. Executive Board accepted the report of the Women’s World Championship.

I bet dollars to donuts that the World Chess Circuit doesn't see the light of day any faster than a 'Rook House for Bobby'.

In FIDE's defense, the Executive Board minutes show that FIDE insiders are aware of their shortcomings and know what the external chess world is saying about them. The minutes depict FIDE as an outdated amateur organization struggling to perform in a modern world where professionalism is expected. Could this also be true of the national chess federations, which, like FIDE, seem to have more than their fair share of organizational mishaps?

The Russian Team at Dresden

Looks to me like Kramnik, Grischuk, and Morozevich. Has Kramnik gained weight?

3029270317 © Flickr user 'The Closet Grandmaster' under Creative Commons.

The Closet Grandmaster has long been one of my favorite blogs. For more in their Flickr series, see Dresden Olympiad 2008 (Set). • More Olympiad photos are linked via About 1,000 Photos from Dresden Olympiad on Fide.com.

***

Later: Another set of 2008 Olympiad photos (not to mention 2006) is available on Shaun's Public Gallery, courtesy Shaun Press of chessexpress.

LIFE Photos on Google

Google recently announced LIFE photo archive hosted by Google, 'Search millions of historic photos'. As you might expect, there are a few chess photos.

Results 1 - 20 of about 200 for chess source:life.
http://images.google.com/images?q=chess&q=source%3Alife

For some reason, the many LIFE photos from the 1972 Fischer - Spassky match are missing. Here are two I'd never seen before: American chess champion Robert J. Fischer playing pinball and eating cotton candy.

Chess960 on Chesscube.com

In my previous post on chess960 (see Lesson in Chess960 Opening Patterns), Tom Chivers commented that Chesscube.com offers crossboard chess960 play. Lately I've been hearing a lot about Chesscube and have been meaning to check it out, so I acted on the latest nudge and registered with the online play server.

A recent post on the site's inhouse blog (see Scaling up ChessCube) pegs the intro of the chess960 service to mid-September, making it fairly new. Except for a popup titled 'About Chess960' and numerous pointers to Wikipedia's page, there isn't much on the site about chess960 itself. After explaining the rules of the variant, the popup finishes, 'simply castle by picking up the king and putting it on top of the rook - the ChessCube interface will then move the rook and king to their final squares'. I'm glad I read that before playing. It's not intuitive.

The blog introduction says, 'ChessCube CEO Mark Levitt, shares his team's experiences in building an Internet Chess Business', while the profile places Levitt at 'Cape Town : Western Cape : South Africa'. The Chesscube.com domain registrant is listed as AvSoft cc, also of South Africa.

More about Chess History

Continuing with Links related to my About.com material, I extracted the last articles that I classify under chess history.

• History of Chess Olympiads
  
• The Development of Computer Chess
  
  
• Chess Ratings
  
• FIDE : Fédération Internationale des Échecs
  
• World Chess Championship for Women

The About.com material was stored using different proprietary templates. The first two articles in the above list, as well as the articles I extracted over the past two weeks, were stored using the profile template. The last three articles were stored using a less rigid format that I'll call the weekly template. The template determines the look of the extracted article, which in turn retains characteristics of the original template.

Two other About.com templates are the image gallery and tutorial templates. These are more challenging to duplicate because they are image based and require software that handles images correctly. I've been looking into available software and think I've identified a package. I'll present the results for the next post in this series.

Emanuel Schiffers (Emmanuel Shiffers)

Continuing with my post on Chigorin and Schiffers, Kotov & Yudovich covered Emanuel Schiffers at the end of their first chapter ('Early History'), after Petrov and Jaenisch (with mention of Shumov, Urusov, and Mikhailov), in Soviet School of Chess. Chigorin was the subject of the entire second chapter ('Founder of the Russian School').

Emmanuel Shiffers (1850-1904), 'Russia's chess teacher', as enthusiasts of the game called him, did a great deal to popularize chess in Russia.

A prominent international master with substantial tournament achievements to his credit, Shiffers realized the social and cultural significance of chess and worked untiringly to unite the country's lovers of chess and to elaborate problems of theory and instruction. He wrote many articles on chess and also a textbook.

Shiffers was the first in Russia to deliver a course of public lectures on chess theory. The lectures, given in the hall of the St.Petersburg Chess Association in 1889, aroused great interest. 'The public lectures on chess theory delivered last year by our noted player, E.S. Shiffers, were an outstanding event', the magazine Shakmaty (Chess) declared in 1890. 'They were attended by almost 100 persons, who listened to the lecturer with pleasure. ... These lectures, the first experiment of the kind in Russia, enjoyed a big and deserved success.'

Due credit must be given Shiffers as a teacher who trained a number of gifted players, chief among them Mikhail Chigorin. (p.15)

Note the two variations in spelling the name. 'Schiffers' appears to be the preferred spelling, but according to Google, it's a close call between 'Emanuel' and 'Emmanuel'.

Schiffers made several other brief appearances in Soviet School. Here is an excerpt from a section titled 'The Middle Game : Systematization of Typical Positions':

Soviet players are studying various typical positions in openings of all kinds. This work cannot, of course, be considered finished; on the contrary, it is still in the initial stage, for only an insignificant percentage of the infinite number of middle game positions has been studied so far. Soviet masters are on the right track, and they are continuing their daily systematization and study of various positions.

There have been comments in chess publications abroad to the effect that this reduces interest in chess, by substituting 'drill' for creative thought.

That view is fundamentally incorrect, as Shiffers pointed out many years ago in his Chess Self-Taught. He said, 'As to the opinion that the study of theory is detrimental to originality in play, it is sufficient to recall that although in any field of knowledge the duplicated discovery of truths that are already known may be highly interesting and instructive, it is capable of consuming too much time.' (p.104)

The passage is a good example of chess as science, as opposed to chess as sport or chess as art. Schiffers also figured in the chapter on 'Chess Literature', where it mentions that he edited a journal known as Shakmaty Zhurnal (p.116). Later, we learn that

The life of a chess master in tsarist Russia was no bed of roses. Even the best Russian players of that time, Chigorin and Shiffers, had a hard time making ends meet; they were dependent on the whims of rich patrons and were unable to develop their gifts to the full. (p.284)

More information on Schiffers can be found in the the stalwarts of web information Wikipedia.org (Emanuel Schiffers) and Chessgames.com (Emmanuel Schiffers).

October 2008 Chess Events

I removed a number of events from the sidebar list of 'Events on the Agenda'. The last few months have been extraordinarily rich in top class chess events. For the record, here's what I removed:-

• 2008-09-28/-10-05 • 16th World Computer Chess Championship, Beijing
  
• 2008-09-28/-10-06 • Commonwealth Championship, Nagpur, India
  
• 2008-10-03/-10-15 • Russian Superfinal, Moscow
  
• 2008-10-03/-10-18 • 1st World Mind Sports Games (WMSG), Beijing
  
• 2008-10-14/-11-02 • World Championship Match, Anand - Kramnik, Bonn
  
• 2008-10-16/-10-24 • European Club Cup, Halkidiki, Greece
  
• 2008-10-19/-10-31 • World Youth Championship, Vung Tau, Vietnam

These were all events that I was interested in following. I checked for events to add, but came up empty handed. As for events still on the agenda, it's unlikely that the Topalov - Kamsky challengers match will start on 2008-11-26 as originally scheduled.

***

2008-11-19: 'FIDE is pleased to announce that an agreement has been reached for organisation of the Challenger Match between Topalov and Kamsky. There has been full agreement between FIDE and the players regarding all aspects of the Match. The Match will take place in Sofia, Bulgaria, from 16th to 28th February, 2009 with a prize fund of USD 250,000 which will be shared equally by the players.'

1978 Karpov - Korchnoi

'Throughout the 1960s, the Soviet KGB made remarkable advances with their paranormal research. As the initial stages of their program focused on microwave energy, the latter included psychic mind control. Some conspiracy theorists believe the 1978 world chess match was a testing ground for this newly discovered mind manipulation.'

Mind Control and the 1978 World Chess Match (6:45) • 'Was the 1978 world Chess Match a KGB proving ground for mind control?'

From: ParanormalTV.

Disagreeing with What Is Not Said

Continuing with the game I last looked at in The 'Fischer Attack', a few moves later the players reached the position shown in the diagram. Black played 15...gxf6, and Fischer remarked,

The best chance is 15...bxc3! 16.Ne4 Qb4 17.Qg4 Bxf6 18.Nxf6+ Kh8 19.Qh4 h6 20.Ng4, threatening 21.Nxh6 with a strong attack.

Commenting on 15...gxf6, Kasparov noted,

The first, but already decisive mistake -- to lose in a sharp Sicilian, in contrast to the 'Spanish torture', Black does not have to make many mistakes. However, Fischer does not attach any mark to this move, regarding Black's position as already bad.

In Kasparov's view, this means that there is a distinct difference between '15...gxf6 (best is 15...bxc3!)' and '15...gxf6? (best is 15...bxc3!)'. The first indicates that Black was already lost, but had a variation to push off the loss; the second indicates that Black was not already lost. It's not an obvious distinction to make based on a single missing '?'.

1959 Candidates Tournament (round 10)
Benko, Pal

Fischer, Robert
(After 15.Bg5-f6(xN))
[FEN "r1b2rk1/p3bppp/4pB2/n1q1p3/1p3P2/1BN3N1/PPP3PP/R2Q1R1K b - - 0 15"]

After making this remark, Kasparov repeated Fischer's variation from 15...bxc3! through 'threatening 21.Nxh6 with a strong attack', and added

Huebner categorically disagrees with such an evaluation of the position after 20...cxb2. Here are the variations with a few refinements...

I won't give Huebner's variations. It's sufficient to say they show that Black had good play after 15...bxc3!, and it's curious that Fischer had nothing to say about 20...cxb2. On the other hand, can we 'disagree' with what is not said?

Lesson in Chess960 Opening Patterns

My second game of chess960 was even shorter than the first (see Chess960? I'm Hooked!). From the diagrammed start position, my opponent blundered a Pawn on the 5th move and then let his clock run out.

Start Position 900

Here's the game, again courtesy of SchemingMind.com:

[Event "Chess960"]
[Site "SchemingMind.com"]
[Date "2008.09.26"]
[Round "-"]
[White "honky"]
[Black "bemweeks"]
[Result "0-1"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "rbbkqrnn/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RBBKQRNN w KQkq - 0 1"]

1.d4 d5 2.c3 Nf6 3.f3 c5 4.Qd2 Qc6 5.Nh3 Bxh2 0-1

What did I learn from this game? That the opening patterns we learn playing traditional chess -- developing the Knights to c3/f3 (c6/f6), the choice between long diagonal or fianchetto for the Bishops, the weakness of f2/f7 -- are supplanted by other patterns in chess960. Not paying attention to these new patterns can easily result in blunders like losing a Pawn on the 5th move.

Introduction to Chess History

Continuing with Links related to my About.com material, I extracted a few more articles related to chess history.

• The Origin of Chess
  
• Chess in the Middle Ages
  
• The Origin of Modern Chess
  
• The French School of Chess (18th/19th cent.)
  
• Chess in the Early 19th Century : Chess Becomes Organized
  
• The Origin of International Chess Events
  
• Rise of the Soviet Chess Hegemony
  
• The Rise of Internet Chess

These are articles I wrote in 2005-7.